Skip to content

Global insurance intelligence

InsureSouk

Insurance intelligence for markets, regulation, companies, and risk.

Source-reviewed archive

Climate and Catastrophe Risk Tracker reference archive

This archive contains the full source-reviewed climate and catastrophe risk references collection for the Climate and Catastrophe Risk Tracker. Expand a row to review the InsureSouk context before opening the official source.

Back to Climate and Catastrophe Risk Tracker

NOAA U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters reference Country / market United States Reference type Catastrophe loss reference Reporting period Current NOAA NCEI release Event date / period March 2026 release Source date April 8, 2026 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
United States
Peril / risk type
Weather and climate disasters
Reference type
Catastrophe loss reference
Line / segment
Property, casualty, and public disaster-risk context
Reporting period
Current NOAA NCEI release
Event date / period
March 2026 release
Source type
Official government source
Source title
NOAA NCEI, U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters
Source publication date
April 8, 2026
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
NOAA NCEI provides an official U.S. reference for billion-dollar weather and climate disaster events and includes a DOI citation for the source.
Why it matters
It gives catastrophe-risk readers a public U.S. government reference point for high-cost weather and climate events.
Methodology note
Use the NOAA methodology and citation notes before comparing event counts, inflation-adjusted losses, or per-event cost estimates.
Source note
The source page was used as an official reference page, not as a copied event table.
Reader caution
Do not treat this item as an InsureSouk loss estimate or complete U.S. catastrophe event file.
WMO State of the Global Climate 2025 reference Country / market Global Reference type Natural catastrophe trend reference Reporting period 2025 Event date / period 2015-2025 climate indicator period Value degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 average Source date March 23, 2026 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
Global
Peril / risk type
Climate indicators and extreme weather
Reference type
Natural catastrophe trend reference
Line / segment
Climate-risk and catastrophe-risk context
Reporting period
2025
Event date / period
2015-2025 climate indicator period
Value
degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 average
Risk indicator
2025 was about 1.43 degrees Celsius above the 1850-1900 average; 2015-2025 were the hottest 11 years on record
Source type
Official multilateral source
Source title
WMO, State of the Global Climate 2025
Source publication date
March 23, 2026
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
WMO reports that 2025 was the second or third hottest year on record and that 2015-2025 were the hottest 11 years on record.
Why it matters
The source anchors climate-risk tracking in official global climate indicators rather than market commentary.
Methodology note
Use the WMO report and supporting materials for definitions, baselines, uncertainty ranges, and indicator methods.
Source note
The source page highlights temperature, ocean, sea-ice, glacier, and extreme-weather themes.
Reader caution
Do not infer insured-loss impacts or country-level insurance exposure from global climate indicators alone.
EIOPA natural catastrophe protection-gap source Country / market European Union and wider European countries Reference type Insured-loss context Reporting period Historical view 1980-2024 and current model view Event date / period 1980-2024 historical source view Source date December 5, 2025 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
European Union and wider European countries
Peril / risk type
Natural catastrophe
Reference type
Insured-loss context
Line / segment
Property and catastrophe insurance
Reporting period
Historical view 1980-2024 and current model view
Event date / period
1980-2024 historical source view
Source type
Official supervisory authority source
Source title
EIOPA, Insurance protection gap for natural catastrophes source page
Source publication date
December 5, 2025
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
EIOPA brings together information on economic losses, insured losses, risk estimates, and insurance coverage for 30 European countries.
Why it matters
It connects catastrophe-risk references with insurance coverage and resilience questions in European markets.
Methodology note
Use this as a source reference. Country and peril-level readings require review of EIOPA's technical documentation.
Source note
The EIOPA page states that the source covers current, historical, country, and country-insurance views.
Reader caution
Do not compare countries without checking the peril, source view, historical period, and insurance-coverage basis.
UNDRR GAR 2025 disaster resilience reference Country / market Global Reference type Resilience / adaptation reference Reporting period GAR 2025 Event date / period Risk framing from now to 2050 Value USD Source date May 27, 2025 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
Global
Peril / risk type
Disaster risk
Reference type
Resilience / adaptation reference
Line / segment
Resilience, disaster risk reduction, and risk-transfer context
Reporting period
GAR 2025
Event date / period
Risk framing from now to 2050
Value
USD
Risk indicator
Direct disaster costs approximately USD 202 billion annually; wider costs over USD 2.3 trillion when cascading and ecosystem costs are included
Source type
Official multilateral source
Source title
UNDRR, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025
Source publication date
May 27, 2025
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
UNDRR frames disaster costs, resilience investment, and risk financing as connected issues for a climate-changed world.
Why it matters
The source helps connect catastrophe exposure with resilience investment, public finance, and insurance affordability themes.
Methodology note
The wider cost figure includes cascading and ecosystem impacts; treat it as a GAR framing indicator rather than an insured-loss estimate.
Source note
The source page and UNDRR release were used for high-level disaster-cost framing, not for a copied loss dataset.
Reader caution
Do not compare GAR cost figures with insurer catastrophe-loss figures without checking scope, definitions, and inclusion of indirect impacts.
European Climate Risk Assessment 2024 reference Country / market Europe Reference type Climate-risk assessment Reporting period 2024 Value 36 climate risks identified Source date March 11, 2024 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
Europe
Peril / risk type
Climate risk
Reference type
Climate-risk assessment
Line / segment
Infrastructure, health, water, food, ecosystem, and financial-stability context
Reporting period
2024
Risk indicator
36 climate risks identified
Source type
Official European public authority source
Source title
European Environment Agency, European Climate Risk Assessment
Source publication date
March 11, 2024
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
The EEA's first European Climate Risk Assessment identifies 36 climate risks across systems including infrastructure, water, food, health, ecosystems, and financial stability.
Why it matters
It gives the tracker an official European climate-risk assessment source beyond single-event loss references.
Methodology note
Use the EEA report to interpret risk categories, urgency labels, and regional scope.
Source note
The EEA page describes the assessment as a first-of-its-kind synthesis to support strategic policymaking.
Reader caution
Do not turn the 36-risk count into an insurance exposure score or market ranking.
IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report climate-risk reference Country / market Global Reference type Climate-risk assessment Reporting period 2023 Value degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 average Source date March 20, 2023 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
Global
Peril / risk type
Climate change and compound hazards
Reference type
Climate-risk assessment
Line / segment
Climate-risk context
Reporting period
2023
Value
degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 average
Risk indicator
Global surface temperature reached 1.1 degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 in 2011-2020
Source type
Official scientific assessment source
Source title
IPCC, AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023
Source publication date
March 20, 2023
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
The IPCC AR6 synthesis report states that human-caused climate change is affecting weather and climate extremes in every region.
Why it matters
It is a core scientific assessment for reading physical climate risk, compound hazards, and adaptation limits.
Methodology note
Use the IPCC report confidence language and scenario definitions when interpreting climate-risk statements.
Source note
The source page was used with the IPCC headline statements for summary context.
Reader caution
Do not convert IPCC global statements into country-level insurance loss estimates without separate source support.
Bank of England 2021 Climate Biennial Exploratory Scenario results Country / market United Kingdom Reference type Regulator or supervisor climate-risk reference Reporting period 2021 CBES results Event date / period 30-year exploratory exercise based on participant balance sheets at end-2020 Source date May 24, 2022 Reviewed June 22, 2026
Country / market
United Kingdom
Peril / risk type
Climate-related financial risk
Reference type
Regulator or supervisor climate-risk reference
Line / segment
Banks and insurers
Reporting period
2021 CBES results
Event date / period
30-year exploratory exercise based on participant balance sheets at end-2020
Source type
Official central bank and supervisor source
Source title
Bank of England, Results of the 2021 Climate Biennial Exploratory Scenario
Source publication date
May 24, 2022
Reviewed
June 22, 2026
Status
Source-reviewed
Summary
The Bank of England published results from an exploratory climate-risk exercise involving major UK banks and insurers.
Why it matters
It is a useful supervisor source for how climate-related financial risks can affect insurers, banks, customers, and data needs.
Methodology note
Treat this as a supervisory exercise reference, not as an InsureSouk model or forecast.
Source note
The Bank of England states that the exercise used stylised paths and was not a forecast.
Reader caution
Do not reuse participant projections, loss estimates, or scenario assumptions without reviewing the full Bank of England methodology.